José Antonio Primo de Rivera (Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera y Saenz de Heredia), född den 24 april 1903 i Madrid. Var en karismatisk politiker, talare och grundare av Falange Española.
Han växte upp i en sund och kärleksfull familjemiljö. Familjen hade sina rötter i området Jerez de la Frontera. Han var den äldste sonen av fem bröder till General Miguel Primo de Rivera som var ledare i Spanien mellan åren 1923-1930.
Även om han föddes i en militärfamilj, med en stolt tradition att tjänstgöra för sitt land, så valde José Antonio att studera juridik på Central-universitetet i Madrid, där han fick titeln 1922. Efter militärtjänsten började han en karriär som advokat 1925.
Han var även en intensiv intellektuell och studerade verk av politisk tänkare och filosofer såsom Lenin, Marx, Trotskij, Ortega, Mussolini och Spengler osv.
José Antonio var starkt influerad av den italienska fascismen, kom han att skapa en organisation som på många sätt liknade fascisternas med mer unikt spanskt karaktär. Den 29 oktober 1933 på ”Teatro de la CoMedia” i Madrid, höll han ett tal där han grundade den spanska falangen (Falange Española – FE).
Det fanns även en annan organisation som var mycket nära den spanska falangen var då den nationalsyndikalisterna (JONS – Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista) som leddes av Ramiro Ledesma Ramos,. I februari 1934 så gick båda organisationerna samman och bildade Falange Española de las JONS (FE-JONS) och José Antonio valdes till ledare.
Hans mål var att frigöra kommunismen från Spanien. Partiet fick endast 0,7% av rösterna i det allmänna valet 1936. Partiet växte snabbt och samma år, i juli hade partiet över 40 000 medlemmar.
José Antonio stödde det militanta upproret mot den republikanska regeringen under juli 1936 och partiet blev ledande politiska rörelsen för nationalisterna under det Spanska inbördeskriget.
Den spanska falangen förklarades som en olaglig organisation och den 5 juni 1936 blev José Antonio fängslad. Medan José Antonio satt i fängelset, så växte spanska falangen allt mer starkare och tillhörde ett av kraftfullaste rörelsen i Spanien.
Den 18 november 1936 skrev han: ”Condemened to death yesterday, I pray God that if He does not still spare me from coming to that last trial, He may preserve in me up to the end the seemly submission with which I contemplate it, and that in judging my soul He may apply to it not the measure of my merits but that of His infinite Mercy”
Den 20 november 1936 blev han avrättad av vänstern i Alicante. Han dog som en man, som en hjälte, som en martyr och som ett helgon. Ramiro Ledesma Ramos blev även avrättad trots att han hade lämnat politiken.
Bread and Justice
by Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera
”Well then: if communism puts an end to many good things, such as family attachments and national sentiment; if it provides neither bread nor freedom and makes us subservient to a foreign country, what is to be done? We are not going to resign ourselves to the continuation to the capitalist regime. One thing today is painfully obvious: the crisis of the capitalist system and its devastating consequences which communism is doing nothing to attenuate. What is to be done, then? Are we in a cul-de-sac? Is there no way of placating the hunger of the masses for bread and justice? Do we have to choose between the desperation of the bourgeois regime and the slavery of Russia?
No. The National Syndicalist Movement is convinced that it has found the right way out: neither capitalist nor communist. Faced by the individualist economy of the bourgeoisie, the socialist one arose, which handed over the fruits of production to the State, enslaving the individual. Neither of them have resolved the tragedy of the producer. To address this issue let us erect the synicalist economy, which neither absorbs the individual personality into the State, nor turns the worker into a dehumanized cog in the machinery of bourgeois production. The national syndicalist solution is the one which promises to bear the most fruit. It will do away once and for all with political go-betweens and parasites. It will free production from the financial burdens with which finance capital overwhelms it. It will overcome the anarchy it causes by putting order into it. It will prevent speculation with commodities, guaranteeing a profitable price. And, above all, it will pass on the surplus value not to the capitalist, not to the State, but to the producer as a member of his trade union. And this economic system will make a thing of the past the depressing spectacle of unemployment, slum housing, and misery.[…]
Workers! Comrades! Decisive moments are approaching. No one can stand back with his arms folded. The fate of everyone is in the balance. Either the workers, forcefully, implacably, will put an end to the capital and join the National Syndicalist Movement to impose a regime of national solidarity, or internationalism will turn us into stooges of some foreign great power.
The National Syndicalist Movement, conscious that it has strength and reason on its side, will keep up the assault on all its enemies: the right, the left, communism, capitalism. For Fatherland, Bread, and Justice. We are sure to win. It is essential in interest of both the producers and the nation. We will impose a new order of things, without people starving, without professional politicians, without bosses, without usurers, without speculators.
Neither right, nor left! Neither communism nor capitalism! A national regime. The National Syndicalist regime!
Long live Spain!”
Citater av José Antonio (Översatta till engelska)
”The Nation is a complete unity, wherein all individuals and all classes are integrated. The Nation is a transcendent and individual synthesis with ends of its own to achieve; and the state which it brings forth, shall be the efficient, authoritarian instrument which serves that unchallengeable, permanent, irrevocable unity which is called the Nation.”
”We want less liberal verbiage and more respect for the deep liberty of man. Man’s liberty is respected only when he is regarded as the corporeal envelope of a soul capable of damnation or of salvation. Only when he is thus regarded can his liberty be said to be truly respected, and still more so if that liberty is combined, as we demand, in a system of authority, hierarchy and order.”
”We want all to feel they are members of a serious, complete community. In other words, there are clearly many kinds of tasks to be performed: some manual, some mental, others in the educational or social or cultural fields; but in a community such as we seek, let it be stated there must be no passengers and no drones.”
”We want no song about individual rights of the kind that can never be enforced in the homes of the hungry. Instead, let every man, every member of the political community, simply by being a member of it, be given the means of earning a just and decent human livelihood by his work.”
”We want the religious spirit, which is the keystone in the finest arches of our history, to be respected and supported as it deserves; but that does not mean that the State should either interfere in functions which do not belong to it.”
”The Falange regards man as a combination of a body and a soul; that is, as capapable of an eternal destiny and as the bearer of eternal values. Thus the maximum respect is paid to human dignity, to man’s integrity and his freedom. But that profound freedom entitles nobody to undermine the foundations of public social life.”
”The Falange cannot regard life as a merely interplay of economic factors. It rejects the materialistic interpretation of history. The spiritual has been and is the mainspring in the life of men and peoples.
”All revolutions have hitherto been incomplete, in that none of them has served both the national idea of the Nation and the idea of Social Justice at once. We (the Falange) combine those two things: the Nation and Social Justice, and upon those two unshakable principles we are categorically resolved to make our revolution.”
”We realize that a nation is not merely the attractive force of the soil on which we are born, it is not that direct sentimental emotion that we all feel in the presence of our own earth, but a nation is a unity of destiny in the world order, it is a plane to which a people has risen when it fulfils a universal mission in history.”
”Work is the best claim to civil dignity. Nothing can deserve more attention from the State than the dignity and welfare of workers.”
”The first purpose of wealth is to improve the living conditions of the many, not to sacrifice the many to the luxury and profit of the few.”
”Socialism proclaims the monstrous dogma of class warfare . It proclaims the dogma that warfare between the classes is indispensable and occurs naturally in life, because there can never be any appeasing agent. Thus socialism, which started out as a just critique of economic liberalism, has brought us by a different route to the same pass as economic liberalism: disunity, hatred, seperation, forgetfulness of every bond of brotherhood and solidarity between men.”
”The Falange has certain coincidences with Fascism in essential points which are of universal validity; but it is daily acquiring a clearer outline of it’s own, and is convinced that by following this path and no other it will find its most fruitful possibilities of development.”
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